MATTHEW 21:33-46 THE PARABLE OF THE TENANTS | Bibleinterpretation by Fr. Abraham Mutholath

MATTHEW 21:33-46
THE PARABLE OF THE TENANTS

INTRODUCTION

The Parable of the Tenants (Matthew 21:33–46) stands as one of Jesus’ most profound and pointed teachings, delivered in the Temple during the final days before His Passion. It follows the Parable of the Two Sons and continues Jesus’ confrontation with the chief priests and Pharisees. Here, Jesus uses vivid vineyard imagery—deeply rooted in Jewish Scripture—to reveal the history of God’s relationship with Israel. The landowner represents God the Father, the vineyard symbolizes Israel, the tenants are its religious leaders, and the servants are the prophets sent throughout salvation history. The climax of the parable is the sending of the landowner’s son, representing Christ Himself, who is rejected and killed outside the vineyard—an unmistakable prophecy of Jesus’ own crucifixion. Through this story, Jesus exposes the persistent infidelity of God’s chosen leaders and foreshadows the tragic consequences of rejecting the Son of God.

Spiritually, this parable unfolds as a sweeping allegory of divine love and human rebellion. God, in His patience and generosity, entrusts His vineyard to His people, expecting fruits of justice, mercy, and faithfulness. Yet, generation after generation, His messengers are ignored, abused, or slain. The final sending of the Son reveals both the depth of divine mercy and the gravity of humanity’s response. This passage underscores God’s unrelenting love, His trust in us as stewards of His kingdom, and the accountability that comes with that privilege. It also prefigures the Church—the new vineyard entrusted to faithful disciples called to bear fruit through holiness and mission. Ultimately, the parable is a warning and a promise: rejection leads to judgment, but faithfulness leads to participation in the everlasting kingdom of God.

Matthew 21:33: “Hear another parable. There was a landowner who planted a vineyard, put a hedge around it, dug a wine press in it, and built a tower. Then he leased it to tenants and went on a journey.”

This verse opens The Parable of the Tenants, a profound allegory through which Jesus summarizes the history of God’s covenant with Israel. The detailed description of the vineyard’s preparation reflects divine care, patience, and generosity. Every element—the planting, hedge, wine press, and tower—symbolizes God’s providential work in establishing His people as His chosen vineyard. Having provided everything necessary for fruitfulness, the landowner (God) entrusts it to tenants (Israel’s leaders) to cultivate and bear fruit. His “journey” signifies the trust and freedom God gives His stewards to act responsibly. In Catholic interpretation, this verse introduces both divine generosity and human accountability: God’s blessings always come with the expectation of faithfulness and fruit.

Historical and Jewish Context

The Vineyard as Israel
Jesus’ audience immediately recognized the vineyard imagery from the Old Testament, especially Isaiah’s “Song of the Vineyard” (Isaiah 5:1–7), which describes God as the vineyard’s owner and Israel as His beloved vine. In that song, God laments that despite His perfect care, the vineyard yielded only “wild grapes.” By beginning His parable with similar imagery, Jesus connects Himself to the prophetic tradition and invites His listeners to reflect on Israel’s history of unfaithfulness.
“Put a Hedge Around It”
In ancient Palestine, vineyards were often enclosed with stone walls or thorn hedges for protection against wild animals and thieves. Symbolically, this hedge represents God’s Law, which safeguarded His people and set them apart from the nations. The Law of Moses and the covenant boundaries were divine fences meant to preserve holiness and justice among God’s people.
“Dug a Wine Press and Built a Tower”
A wine press was essential for extracting the vineyard’s fruit, symbolizing God’s provision for worship and sacrificial life through the Temple. The tower provided shelter and a watchpoint—symbolizing God’s watchful presence over His people and the prophetic voice that warns against danger. Together, these details emphasize that God left nothing lacking for His people’s spiritual fruitfulness.
“Leased It to Tenants”
In first-century Palestine, landowners often entrusted their estates to tenant farmers who were expected to care for the land and return a portion of the harvest as rent. Here, the tenants represent the religious and political leaders of Israel—the priests, scribes, and elders—who were entrusted with nurturing God’s people but often exploited them for personal gain.
“Went on a Journey”
This phrase does not suggest God’s absence, but rather His trust in humanity’s freedom. God allows His stewards to work responsibly and bear fruit from the gifts He has given. His apparent “distance” reveals both divine patience and human responsibility—a recurring theme in salvation history.

Catholic Theological Perspective

This verse illustrates the beauty of divine providence and the seriousness of stewardship. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches:
CCC 2402 – “In the beginning God entrusted the earth and its resources to the common stewardship of mankind to take care of them, master them by labor, and enjoy their fruits.”
God’s entrustment of the vineyard symbolizes this same vocation: humanity is called to cooperate with grace, cultivating the gifts of faith, justice, and love.

Theologically, this parable also prefigures the Church as the new vineyard of the Lord (cf. CCC 755). The hedge represents the moral law, the tower symbolizes the Church’s teaching authority and the watchfulness of the Magisterium, and the wine press foreshadows the Eucharist—the fruit of Christ’s sacrifice. Just as the landowner prepared everything for his vineyard, God has provided the Church with all that is needed for sanctification: the sacraments, Scripture, and the Holy Spirit.

The “journey” of the landowner points to God’s mysterious patience. As St. Augustine explains, God “seems to depart” not by absence, but by allowing free will to reveal the heart’s fidelity or rebellion. This trust magnifies both His mercy and His justice—He gives His stewards every opportunity to respond in love.

Parallels in Scripture

Isaiah 5:1–7 – The vineyard of the Lord as the house of Israel.
Psalm 80:8–16 – God plants a vine and cares for it, yet laments its destruction.
John 15:1–5 – Jesus declares Himself the true vine, calling His disciples to bear lasting fruit.
1 Corinthians 3:9 – “You are God’s field, God’s building.”
Matthew 13:3–9 – The Parable of the Sower: God’s Word planted in the human heart must yield fruit.

Together, these passages reveal a consistent biblical theme: God plants, protects, and provides—but expects fruitfulness born of love and obedience.

Key Terms

“Landowner” – Symbol of God the Father, Creator and Sustainer of His people.
“Vineyard” – Represents Israel, and by extension, the Church—the community called to bear spiritual fruit.
“Hedge” – Symbol of divine protection through law, covenant, and grace.
“Wine Press” – Sign of sacrifice and worship; foreshadowing the Eucharist where Christ’s blood becomes the new wine of salvation.
“Tower” – Symbol of watchfulness, divine oversight, and the prophetic mission.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

This parable is proclaimed during the 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A), reminding the Church of its ongoing responsibility as God’s vineyard. In the liturgy, the faithful are invited to examine whether they are bearing the fruits of faith, hope, and love in daily life. The Preface for Sundays in Ordinary Time echoes this image when it proclaims: “You formed man in Your own image and entrusted the whole world to his care.”

The Church also sees in this verse the foundation of her mission: to guard, nourish, and harvest God’s vineyard through evangelization, sacramental life, and service to the poor. Every believer, as a tenant in God’s vineyard, is called to respond to grace with gratitude and fidelity.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:33 is a picture of divine generosity and human vocation. God has prepared the vineyard of His kingdom with care, protection, and purpose, entrusting it to His people to yield fruit. Yet this entrustment carries responsibility. The vineyard is not ours—it belongs to God—and we are called to work in it faithfully until His return. The verse reminds us that all we have—faith, talents, resources—are gifts to be cultivated for God’s glory.

Reflection

Do I recognize the “vineyard” God has entrusted to me—my family, parish, and community—as sacred ground?
How am I using the gifts and opportunities He has given to produce fruits of holiness and service?
Am I a faithful steward of God’s blessings, or have I grown complacent in the comfort of His grace?

Our lives are God’s vineyard; He calls us not to possess it, but to tend it with love.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, You have planted the vineyard of Your kingdom with love and care. Thank You for entrusting me with Your gifts and calling me to bear fruit. Grant me the grace to be a faithful worker in Your vineyard, to use all that You have given me for Your glory and the good of others. May Your Word take root in my heart, and may my life yield the wine of joy and the fruit of holiness. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:34 “When vintage time drew near, he sent his servants to the tenants to obtain his produce.”

This verse marks the turning point in The Parable of the Tenants. Having described the careful preparation of the vineyard, Jesus now reveals the owner’s expectation: a return of fruit at harvest time. The “vintage” or harvest symbolizes the moment when God seeks the fruits of faith, justice, and righteousness from His people. The servants sent by the landowner represent the prophets and holy messengers throughout Israel’s history, sent to call the people to fidelity and repentance. In Catholic interpretation, this verse highlights God’s patience and rightful claim over His vineyard—the human soul and the community of believers. It is also a reminder that God’s gifts are not for possession but for stewardship; every blessing carries an expectation of fruitfulness for His glory.

Historical and Jewish Context

“Vintage Time” – The Season of Accountability
In the agricultural world of ancient Palestine, the grape harvest was the most anticipated season, a time of joy and reward for the laborers. Spiritually, “vintage time” represents the season when God seeks the fruits of holiness from His people (cf. Isaiah 5:2). Throughout Israel’s history, this harvest often corresponded to moments of prophetic visitation—when God, through His prophets, evaluated the nation’s faithfulness. The coming of the Son, Jesus Himself, would be the ultimate “harvest moment” in salvation history.
The Sending of Servants
The “servants” symbolize the prophets—Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Amos, and others—whom God sent repeatedly to remind Israel of her covenant obligations. In Jewish tradition, prophets were God’s messengers, demanding justice and repentance, especially when leaders abused their authority. Yet, as history showed, they were often rejected, persecuted, or killed (cf. 2 Chronicles 36:15–16). This verse foreshadows not only their mistreatment but also the culmination of that rejection in the crucifixion of Christ, God’s own Son.
“To Obtain His Produce”
The produce symbolizes the spiritual fruit God expects from His people: righteousness, mercy, humility, and love (cf. Micah 6:8). God’s claim is not oppressive but rightful; He seeks the return of His own goodness manifested in the lives of His people. The phrase reflects divine justice—God, as Creator and Redeemer, has a legitimate expectation that His gifts will yield holiness and service. This same truth applies to every generation: God entrusts His grace to humanity not for hoarding, but for multiplication.

Catholic Theological Perspective

From a Catholic theological lens, this verse reflects both God’s justice and mercy. He sends His servants not to condemn but to invite His people into faithful relationship. CCC 2567 teaches: “God calls man first… Man may forget his Creator or hide far from His face; yet the living and true God tirelessly calls each person to that mysterious encounter known as prayer.” Just as the landowner sent his servants again and again, God continues to reach out to His people through Scripture, the Church, and the sacraments.

Theologically, this verse also prefigures the mission of the Church. The “servants” symbolize not only the Old Testament prophets but also the apostles, saints, and missionaries whom God continually sends to gather spiritual fruit for His kingdom. CCC 781 reminds us that the Church “is a people made one with the unity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.” Every baptized person is a servant in God’s vineyard, called to bear and present spiritual fruit—good works, repentance, and evangelization—to the Lord of the harvest.

This verse also foreshadows the ultimate sending of the Son (v. 37), revealing the progression of salvation history: prophets first, then Christ, and finally His Church. God’s patience in sending servant after servant demonstrates His mercy; His rightful expectation of fruit manifests His justice. Both qualities meet perfectly in Christ, who fulfills what the servants began.

Parallels in Scripture

Isaiah 5:2 – “He looked for the crop of grapes, but it yielded wild grapes.”
Jeremiah 7:25–26 – “From the day your fathers came out of Egypt… I sent you all my servants the prophets daily… but you did not listen.”
Hosea 10:12 – “Sow for yourselves justice, reap the fruit of mercy.”
Matthew 9:37–38 – “The harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few.”
John 15:8 – “By this my Father is glorified, that you bear much fruit and so prove to be my disciples.”

Each passage reinforces God’s ongoing desire for His people to bear the fruits of holiness and to respond to His messengers with faith.

Key Terms

“Vintage Time” – The time of divine reckoning and reward; symbol of judgment and accountability before God.
“Servants” – The prophets and messengers sent by God to guide His people; later fulfilled in the mission of the apostles.
“Obtain His Produce” – Represents God’s rightful expectation of fruits of justice, repentance, and love from those who have received His grace.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

The Church reads this parable during the 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A) as a call to self-examination during the Eucharistic celebration. The “vintage time” parallels the offering of the gifts at Mass, when the fruits of the earth and human labor—bread and wine—become the Body and Blood of Christ. In this sacred act, the faithful offer back to God the fruit of His own generosity, transformed by grace.

Liturgically and morally, this verse calls Catholics to bear fruit through lives of holiness, stewardship, and mission. The Church continually sends forth “servants”—priests, catechists, and missionaries—to call believers to repentance and renewal, reminding them that every grace received must return to God in praise and service.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:34 captures the moment of divine expectation: God, who planted and nurtured His vineyard with care, now seeks its fruit. His messengers come not as debt collectors but as ambassadors of grace, inviting His people to give back what belongs to Him—lives filled with faith, justice, and mercy. The verse teaches that spiritual fruitfulness is the measure of true discipleship. To receive God’s gifts without yielding a harvest of love is to misuse His trust. The patient landowner, like God, waits, but His expectation is clear: the vineyard must bear fruit for His kingdom.

Reflection

What spiritual fruit am I producing in response to God’s grace?
How do I respond when God “sends His servants” through His Word, the Church, or those who challenge me to grow in holiness?
Do I live as a faithful tenant, returning the fruits of my labor to God with gratitude and love?

God continually sends His servants to our hearts; every day is harvest time for the soul.

Prayer

Lord of the Vineyard, You have planted me in Your garden and entrusted me with Your grace. Teach me to bear the fruits of love, mercy, and righteousness. Help me to listen to Your messengers and respond with faith, returning to You the harvest of a life lived in obedience and gratitude. When You come to seek Your produce, may You find in me the fruit that gives You glory. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:35 “But the tenants seized the servants, and one they beat, another they killed, and a third they stoned.”

This verse marks the escalation of rebellion in The Parable of the Tenants, vividly portraying humanity’s rejection of God’s messengers. The landowner’s servants—sent to collect the fruit—are met not with gratitude but with violence. The tenants’ behavior symbolizes Israel’s leaders who persecuted the prophets, resisting God’s call to repentance. The beatings, killings, and stoning represent the consistent rejection of divine truth across generations. In Catholic interpretation, this verse reveals the tragic reality of sin: when pride rules the human heart, God’s messengers become threats rather than guides. Yet it also reflects the astonishing patience of God, who continues to send His servants despite humanity’s rebellion.

Historical and Jewish Context

The Servants and the Prophets
The servants symbolize the prophets and holy men God sent to Israel throughout salvation history. Figures such as Elijah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zechariah, and John the Baptist were sent to remind the people of the covenant and to call them to justice and mercy. Yet many were rejected and killed. Jesus’ audience would immediately recall these events: Jeremiah was beaten and imprisoned (Jeremiah 20:2), Zechariah was stoned in the Temple court (2 Chronicles 24:20–21), and John the Baptist was beheaded (Matthew 14:10). This verse is therefore not just a parable—it is a prophetic summary of Israel’s history of resistance to God’s voice.
Violence Against the Servants
The actions—beating, killing, stoning—follow the typical progression of increasing violence. In Jewish law, stoning was the punishment for blasphemy (Leviticus 24:16), indicating that the tenants viewed the prophets’ divine messages as offensive to their authority. The leaders who should have been caretakers of God’s vineyard became oppressors, silencing truth to maintain control. This mirrors how spiritual pride blinds people to correction, turning divine warnings into perceived threats.
The Vineyard as a Symbol of Responsibility
The vineyard, once a place of blessing, becomes a battlefield of rebellion. God’s entrusted gifts—authority, the Law, the Temple—were abused for personal power. Instead of offering back the fruits of justice and mercy, the leaders withheld them. The violence against the servants reflects not only cruelty toward prophets but also humanity’s rejection of grace itself.

Catholic Theological Perspective

This verse reflects the mystery of divine patience and the seriousness of rejecting grace. The Catechism teaches:
CCC 309 – “God is in no way, directly or indirectly, the cause of moral evil. He permits it, however, because He respects the freedom of His creatures.”
In this passage, God’s patience allows freedom to unfold—even when it leads to rejection. Yet every act of rebellion becomes an opportunity for mercy and redemption.

Theologically, the servants represent not only the Old Testament prophets but also the saints and missionaries of the Church who continue to face persecution for proclaiming God’s truth. Christ’s warning in Matthew 23:34 echoes this verse: “I send you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify.” The pattern of violence against God’s messengers thus extends beyond Israel—it represents the universal human resistance to divine correction.

CCC 2584–2585 teaches that the prophets’ prayers—often born out of persecution—express the longing of God’s people for repentance and renewal. Every prophet’s suffering prefigured Christ, the ultimate Servant, who would endure rejection and death to redeem His vineyard.

In the life of the Church, this verse reminds believers that proclaiming truth often provokes opposition. The saints—like St. Stephen, the first martyr (Acts 7:59)—stand as living continuations of this parable, showing that God’s servants may suffer, but their faithfulness always bears eternal fruit.

Parallels in Scripture

2 Chronicles 36:15–16 – “The Lord sent His messengers persistently… but they mocked the messengers of God, despised His words, and scoffed at His prophets.”
Nehemiah 9:26 – “They killed Your prophets who warned them in order to turn them back to You.”
Matthew 23:37 – “Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to her!”
Hebrews 11:36–38 – Describes the sufferings of prophets: mocked, flogged, imprisoned, and stoned.
John 15:20 – “If they persecuted Me, they will also persecute you.”

These passages show that rejection of God’s messengers is a recurring theme in salvation history, yet each act of persecution only magnifies God’s mercy and the triumph of truth.

Key Terms

“Seized” – Represents deliberate resistance to divine authority; a willful act of rebellion against God’s will.
“Beat, Killed, Stoned” – Symbolize escalating rejection: physical violence, spiritual blindness, and moral defiance against truth.
“Servants” – Prophets, saints, and evangelizers sent by God to awaken His people to righteousness and repentance.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

In the liturgy, this verse is often heard during the 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A), when the Church reflects on God’s patient love. The story of the tenants invites each believer to self-examination during the Eucharist: Am I welcoming God’s messengers in my life—His Word, His priests, His Spirit—or resisting them?

This verse also connects to the Church’s commemoration of martyrs, who embody the perseverance of the servants. Their fidelity continues the prophetic mission of truth in every generation. During Mass, the reading of this passage invites the faithful to unite their sufferings with the persecuted Church and to bear witness courageously to the Gospel.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:35 reveals the tragic pattern of human sin—the rejection of divine messengers and the abuse of God’s trust. The vineyard, intended to be a place of fruitfulness, becomes a scene of violence and pride. Yet through it all, God’s patience shines. He continues to send servants, to call, to forgive. This verse is a reminder that rejecting God’s call leads not to freedom but to spiritual desolation. Conversely, listening to His servants—whether prophets, pastors, or the quiet voice of conscience—leads to life and fruitfulness. God’s messengers may suffer, but His message never fails.

Reflection

Do I welcome or resist the messengers God sends into my life—Scripture, Church leaders, or the voice of truth in my conscience?
Have I ever silenced God’s call through pride, fear, or indifference?
How can I honor the sacrifices of those who suffered to hand down the faith to me?

To reject God’s messenger is to reject God Himself. To listen with humility is to receive the gift of life.

Prayer

Loving Father, You sent Your prophets and servants to guide Your people, but they were often rejected and persecuted. Forgive the hardness of our hearts and the pride that resists Your call. Grant me the grace to welcome Your Word with humility, to listen when You speak through others, and to live in gratitude for those who bring me Your truth. May I honor the sacrifices of Your faithful servants by bearing fruit in faith, hope, and love. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:36 “Again he sent other servants, more numerous than the first ones, but they treated them in the same way.”

This verse deepens the message of God’s mercy and humanity’s persistent rejection. The landowner’s decision to send more servants—even after the first group was abused—illustrates divine patience beyond measure. Despite repeated violence, God continues to reach out in love, multiplying His calls to repentance and renewal. The servants represent the prophets and holy messengers sent throughout Israel’s history, culminating in John the Baptist, and eventually fulfilled in Christ Himself. The tenants’ continued hostility reflects the hardened hearts of those entrusted with God’s vineyard who refuse correction. In Catholic interpretation, this verse beautifully displays the persistence of grace: God never gives up on His people, even when they resist Him again and again.

Historical and Jewish Context

The Sending of More Servants
In the agricultural customs of ancient Palestine, it would be unthinkable for a landowner to send additional servants after the first group had been beaten or killed. Jesus’ audience would have seen this as absurd, yet this absurdity underscores divine mercy. In the history of Israel, God did exactly this—He sent prophet after prophet, generation after generation, despite constant rejection. The phrase “more numerous than the first” points to the continuity and abundance of God’s saving outreach through the prophets.
Examples from Israel’s History
Throughout Scripture, God’s repeated efforts to call His people to repentance are evident:

Jeremiah 7:25–26 – “From the day your fathers left Egypt until today, I sent you all My servants the prophets daily, but they did not listen.”
2 Chronicles 36:15–16 – “The Lord, the God of their ancestors, sent word to them through His messengers again and again… but they mocked God’s messengers, despised His words, and scoffed at His prophets.”
These verses echo precisely what Jesus is describing—the relentless patience of God in the face of stubborn human resistance.

Prophetic Mission as a Reflection of God’s Love
Each new wave of servants reveals that God’s justice is always preceded by mercy. Before any act of divine judgment, there is always another invitation to conversion. The “more numerous” group represents the growing testimony of divine revelation culminating in the fullness of truth—Christ Himself (Hebrews 1:1–2). This abundance of messengers foreshadows the fullness of grace in the New Covenant and the missionary spirit of the Church.

Catholic Theological Perspective

From a Catholic standpoint, this verse embodies the very heart of salvation history: God’s patient pursuit of humanity despite repeated infidelity. CCC 55 teaches: “This revelation was not broken off by our first parents’ sin… but was continued by God’s care for fallen humanity.” In every age, God renews His call through prophets, saints, and teachers who act as servants in His vineyard.

Theologically, this verse also anticipates the apostolic mission of the Church. Just as God sent prophets to Israel, so Christ sends His apostles and their successors to proclaim the Gospel to all nations. CCC 857 describes the apostles as “chosen witnesses of the Lord’s Resurrection and foundation stones of His Church.” Even today, God continues to send servants—bishops, priests, catechists, and lay faithful—to call the world to repentance and bear the fruits of faith.

The repetition of mercy in this verse also reveals something profound about divine justice. St. John Chrysostom comments:

“See the infinite patience of God. He sent not one, nor two, but many servants. Yet the more He sent, the more they rebelled, showing that their punishment was entirely just.”

Thus, when judgment eventually comes, it is not because God abandoned His people—it is because they persistently rejected His mercy.

Parallels in Scripture

Jeremiah 25:4 – “The Lord has sent to you all His servants the prophets, but you have not listened.”
Matthew 23:34–37 – Jesus laments over Jerusalem for killing the prophets and rejecting those sent to her.
Luke 20:11–12 – The parallel account of this parable reinforces the repeated sending of servants.
Hebrews 1:1–2 – “In many and various ways God spoke of old by the prophets, but in these last days He has spoken to us by His Son.”
Romans 10:21 – “All day long I have held out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people.”

Each of these references illustrates the pattern of divine persistence and human resistance that defines the story of redemption.

Key Terms

“Again he sent” – A symbol of God’s enduring mercy; His invitations to conversion never cease.
“Other servants” – The multitude of prophets and preachers whom God raises up in every generation to call His people back to faithfulness.
“More numerous than the first” – Signifies the growing richness of divine revelation culminating in Christ.
“They treated them in the same way” – A tragic repetition of sin; humanity’s recurring refusal to welcome God’s truth.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

In the liturgical context, this verse is proclaimed during the 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A) and serves as a reminder of God’s unrelenting call to conversion. Each Eucharistic celebration echoes this divine sending, as the Word of God and the Church’s teaching continue to call believers to repentance and renewal.

The Church Fathers saw in this verse a reflection of God’s action through the ages—from the patriarchs and prophets to the apostles and martyrs. During the Liturgy of the Word, this verse reminds us that the proclamation of Scripture is itself an act of God “sending servants” anew to His vineyard—our hearts and communities.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:36 magnifies the mercy of God and the persistence of His call. The landowner’s repeated sending of servants defies human logic but reveals divine love. Though humanity rejects His messengers again and again, God never ceases to call, invite, and forgive. His patience is not weakness but the strength of divine compassion. This verse teaches that every day of life is another chance to respond to His call—to produce fruit where once there was barrenness. But it also warns that rejecting repeated mercy hardens the heart, leading to spiritual sterility. God’s grace is abundant, but it calls for a response of humility and obedience.

Reflection

How has God sent “servants” into my life—priests, friends, Scripture, or events—to call me back to Him?
Do I recognize repeated invitations to conversion as signs of God’s love rather than burdens?
Have I ignored or resisted God’s voice out of pride, comfort, or fear?

Each time God calls, He reveals His mercy. To listen is to live; to resist is to wither.

Prayer

Merciful Father, You never cease to send Your servants to guide and awaken us. Thank You for Your patience and the countless ways You call me back to You. Help me to recognize Your voice in those You send, and give me the humility to listen and respond with faith. May I never grow weary of Your mercy, but bear fruit in repentance, gratitude, and love. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:37: “Finally he sent his son to them, thinking, ‘They will respect my son.’”

This verse stands at the heart of The Parable of the Tenants and is one of the most profound revelations in all of Scripture. After the repeated rejection and abuse of his servants, the landowner makes a final, astonishing decision: he sends his beloved son. This represents the climax of divine mercy and the fullness of God’s revelation in Christ. In salvation history, God sent patriarchs, judges, and prophets, but when all these were rejected, He sent His only Son—Jesus Christ, the heir of the Kingdom. The son’s coming signifies not merely another messenger, but the personal visitation of God Himself in the flesh. The landowner’s hope, “They will respect my son,” expresses God’s enduring expectation that humanity will finally recognize and honor His divine Son. In Catholic interpretation, this verse encapsulates the mystery of the Incarnation—God’s self-giving love made visible—and the tragedy of its rejection by hardened hearts.

Historical and Jewish Context

“Finally He Sent His Son” – The Fulfillment of Salvation History
The phrase “finally” (hysteron) signifies the culmination of God’s redemptive plan. It points to the moment when, after centuries of prophetic revelation, God speaks through His own Son, the definitive Word of salvation (cf. Hebrews 1:1–2). For Jesus’ Jewish listeners, this shift from servants to son would have been shocking. The “servants” were the prophets; the “son” implied the Messiah, the divine heir. Jesus was openly revealing His identity as the Son of God, sent with divine authority—a claim that both fulfilled and surpassed all previous revelation.
“They Will Respect My Son” – The Hope of Divine Recognition
In ancient law, a landowner’s son possessed full authority to act in his father’s name. To honor the son was to honor the father; to reject him was an act of rebellion. The father’s expectation—“They will respect my son”—reflects the hopeful heart of God who desires the salvation of all. It shows divine optimism rather than naivety: God continues to trust, to hope, to reach out in love even when rejected. This parallels God’s long-suffering patience with Israel throughout her history, always offering new chances for conversion.
Foreshadowing the Passion of Christ
To Jesus’ audience, the parable would have seemed allegorical. But for the disciples—and later the Church—it was prophetic. The son sent to the vineyard clearly foreshadows Christ being sent to Israel. The tenants’ impending violence anticipates Jesus’ arrest, humiliation, and crucifixion. By speaking these words within the Temple—the very place soon to be emptied of God’s presence—Jesus was announcing the coming rejection of the Son of God by the very leaders responsible for His vineyard.

Catholic Theological Perspective

In Catholic theology, this verse reveals both the mystery of the Incarnation and the depth of divine mercy. The Catechism teaches:
CCC 458 – “The Word became flesh so that thus we might know God’s love: ‘In this the love of God was made manifest among us, that God sent His only Son into the world, so that we might live through Him.’”
God’s sending of His Son is not an act of despair but of love’s fullness. It shows that divine mercy is not satisfied with sending messengers—it gives the Beloved Himself.

CCC 620 adds: “Our salvation flows from God’s initiative of love for us, because ‘He loved us and sent His Son to be the expiation for our sins.’”
In the parable, the son’s arrival marks the supreme moment of mercy: God Himself comes into the vineyard of humanity, hoping to awaken love and reverence. Yet the reaction of the tenants, as the next verses reveal, exposes humanity’s ultimate betrayal—crucifying the very source of life.

Theologically, this moment also points to the Eucharist and the Church. God still “sends His Son” sacramentally in every Mass, offering His Body and Blood for our salvation. Each time we receive Christ in the Eucharist, we encounter the same divine generosity described here—God entrusting His Son to a world that often fails to recognize Him.

Parallels in Scripture

Hebrews 1:1–2 – “In the past God spoke through the prophets, but in these last days He has spoken to us by His Son.”
John 3:16–17 – “For God so loved the world that He gave His only Son… not to condemn the world, but to save it.”
Romans 8:32 – “He who did not spare His own Son but gave Him up for us all, will He not also give us all things?”
Mark 12:6 – The parallel account also emphasizes that the son was “beloved,” highlighting divine affection.
Philippians 2:6–8 – Christ “emptied Himself, taking the form of a servant,” showing obedience even to death on the cross.

These passages all point to the same truth: the sending of the Son is the ultimate expression of divine love and humility.

Key Terms

“Finally” – Marks the fullness of time (cf. Galatians 4:4), when God’s plan of salvation reaches its climax in Christ.
“His Son” – The unique, divine Son of God—Jesus Christ—who shares the Father’s authority and essence.
“They Will Respect” – God’s enduring hope that humanity will respond to love with reverence; a test of the human heart’s freedom.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

This verse is often proclaimed during the 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A), reminding the faithful that Christ continues to visit His vineyard—the Church and every human heart. Each Mass re-enacts this divine sending, as God gives His Son anew in Word and Sacrament. The faithful are invited to examine how they “receive” the Son—whether with reverence and love, or with neglect and indifference.

The verse also connects deeply with Advent and Christmas, seasons celebrating the sending of the Son into the world. The landowner’s hopeful words, “They will respect my son,” echo the angelic message of peace and goodwill to those who receive Him. The Church’s liturgy during these times renews our invitation to open our hearts to Christ, the Father’s greatest gift.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:37 reveals the pinnacle of divine love and the test of human response. God, who had sent many servants, finally sends His Son—not as a messenger of judgment but as a bearer of mercy. This act unveils the depth of the Father’s trust in humanity and the immeasurable dignity of His Son. The “sending” of the Son is the story of Christmas, the message of the Gospel, and the reality of every Eucharist. Yet it is also the tragedy of Good Friday—when the Son is rejected by those who should have received Him. Through this verse, Jesus reminds us that God’s patience and love have a face and a name—Jesus Christ, the Beloved Son, sent to redeem His vineyard and its wayward tenants.

Reflection

How do I respond when God “sends His Son” into my life—through the Eucharist, Scripture, or others?
Do I “respect the Son” by honoring His teachings and living in obedience to His Word?
Am I aware of the Father’s incredible trust in giving me His greatest treasure—His Son—for my salvation?

Every Mass, every prayer, and every act of grace is God saying again: “They will respect My Son.” Let our answer be faith, love, and reverence.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, In Your mercy, You sent prophets and saints, but in the fullness of time, You sent Your beloved Son. Grant me the grace to welcome Him with reverence, to listen to His voice, and to bear fruit in His vineyard. May I never take for granted the love that gave Your Son for my salvation. Help me to honor Him in word and deed, that my life may proclaim the greatness of Your mercy. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:38 “But when the tenants saw the son, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and acquire his inheritance.’”

This verse exposes the darkest moment in The Parable of the Tenants—the deliberate decision to kill the son. It reveals not ignorance, but calculated rebellion. The tenants recognize the son’s identity and authority, yet rather than showing respect, they plot murder. In this chilling act, Jesus prophetically describes what will happen to Him: the religious leaders, fully aware of His divine authority, will conspire to kill the Son of God to preserve their own power. This verse thus shifts from symbolic storytelling to divine revelation—unveiling humanity’s attempt to seize what belongs to God. In Catholic interpretation, it exposes sin at its core: the desire to possess divine gifts without acknowledging the Giver.

Historical and Jewish Context

Recognition of the Son’s Identity
The tenants’ words, “This is the heir,” indicate they understood the son’s authority. In Jewish law, the son was the father’s legal representative and future owner of the estate. To reject him was to reject the father entirely. Thus, their plot was not born from ignorance but defiance. In salvation history, this reflects how Israel’s leaders recognized Jesus as a prophetic and divine figure (cf. John 11:47–50) but chose to silence Him to protect their religious and political control.
“Come, Let Us Kill Him” – A Deliberate Conspiracy
The tenants’ plot mirrors the Sanhedrin’s decision to put Jesus to death (cf. John 11:53). Their reasoning was driven by envy, fear, and a desire to maintain influence. Psalm 2:2 had foretold such rebellion: “The kings of the earth rise up and the rulers band together against the Lord and against His Anointed.” Jesus was exposing their intentions publicly even before they acted, making this parable both prophetic and confrontational.
“Acquire His Inheritance” – Usurping Divine Authority
In ancient custom, if a landowner died without heirs or if the heir was removed, the land could be claimed by those occupying it. Symbolically, this reflects the religious leaders’ desire to claim ownership over God’s people, using religion for personal gain. Spiritually, it represents humanity’s attempt to take God’s blessings—life, creation, power—while excluding Him from His own vineyard. It is the sin of pride, the same rebellion that began with Adam and Eve’s temptation: “You will be like gods” (Genesis 3:5).

Catholic Theological Perspective

From a Catholic theological standpoint, this verse unveils the mystery of iniquity—the human will opposing divine grace. The Catechism teaches:
CCC 1850 – “Sin is an offense against God… It is love of oneself even to contempt of God.”
The tenants’ desire to kill the son and seize the inheritance reflects this self-love that dethrones God. Humanity’s attempt to claim autonomy apart from the Creator culminates in the crucifixion, where the creatures kill their Redeemer.

Theologically, this verse also reveals the paradox of divine providence: God allows even human wickedness to serve His salvific plan. What the tenants intended for evil becomes the path of redemption. The Son’s death, willed by sinners, becomes the very means through which the inheritance—the Kingdom of God—is opened to all nations. As CCC 599 states:

“Jesus’ violent death was not the result of chance, but is part of the mystery of God’s plan… carried out by men blinded by sin.”

Spiritually, this verse challenges the Church and every believer to examine where we may seek God’s gifts while rejecting His authority. The vineyard’s inheritance—faith, grace, and salvation—belongs to God alone. We are stewards, not owners. When pride or greed tempts us to claim God’s vineyard as our own, we repeat the sin of the tenants.

Parallels in Scripture

Genesis 37:18–20 – Joseph’s brothers conspired, “Come, let us kill him,” because he was their father’s favored son and heir.
Psalm 2:2–3 – The rulers rebel against the Lord and His Anointed One.
John 11:47–53 – The high priests conspire to kill Jesus “so that the whole nation may not perish.”
Mark 12:7 – The same parable wording, emphasizing deliberate rejection of the heir.
Acts 7:51–52 – St. Stephen’s speech: “You always resist the Holy Spirit; you killed those who announced the Righteous One.”

These passages reveal that rebellion against divine authority is not ignorance but conscious rejection—a recurring theme in salvation history.

Key Terms

“The Heir” – Represents Christ, the divine Son, who inherits the Father’s kingdom and shares it with those who believe (cf. Romans 8:17).
“Kill Him” – Symbolizes humanity’s rejection of God’s sovereignty and the crucifixion of Christ.
“Acquire His Inheritance” – Represents the delusion of self-sufficiency—seizing God’s gifts without submission to His will.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

This verse finds deep resonance in Holy Week liturgies. The conspiracy against the Son foreshadows the Passion of Christ, which the Church commemorates from Palm Sunday through Good Friday. The reading of the Passion narratives echoes the tenants’ plot—religious leaders conspiring against the Heir of Heaven. Yet, within the liturgy, the Church proclaims that the rejected Son becomes the cornerstone of salvation (v. 42).

In the Eucharistic Liturgy, the same Son who was slain now offers His Body and Blood to those who once rejected Him. The altar becomes the place where divine mercy overturns human malice. The Church teaches that every act of sin is, in some way, a participation in the tenants’ rebellion—but every Mass is also our opportunity to receive the Son in humility, not rejection.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:38 lays bare the ultimate confrontation between divine love and human pride. The tenants’ plot to kill the heir reflects humanity’s attempt to control what belongs to God. Yet this same act—killing the Son—becomes the cornerstone of salvation. What the world saw as defeat, God transformed into victory. In the Son’s death, the inheritance that men tried to steal is freely offered to all who believe. The verse thus serves as both a warning and a revelation: rejecting Christ leads to spiritual ruin, but accepting Him makes us co-heirs with Him in the Kingdom of the Father (Romans 8:17).

Reflection

Do I truly honor Christ as the Son and Heir of God’s Kingdom, or do I sometimes resist His authority over my life?
In what ways might I seek God’s blessings without surrendering to His will?
How can I, through humility and faith, give back the “inheritance” of grace and love that God has entrusted to me?

This verse invites us to choose reverence over rebellion—to welcome the Son not as a threat, but as the Lord of our hearts.

Prayer

Beloved Father, You sent Your Son as the heir of Your Kingdom, and yet the world rejected and crucified Him. Forgive us for the times we have resisted His rule in our hearts. Teach us to honor and love the Son You sent, to yield the fruits of faith and obedience, and to rejoice as co-heirs in His inheritance. Through the crucified and risen Christ, make us faithful stewards of Your vineyard, living for Your glory and not our own. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

Matthew 21:39: “They seized him, threw him out of the vineyard, and killed him.”

This verse is the climax of The Parable of the Tenants, prophetically portraying the Passion and death of Jesus Christ. After plotting to kill the son, the tenants carry out their plan with violence and finality. Their actions—seizing, casting out, and killing—summarize the suffering of Christ, who was arrested, led outside the city, and crucified. This tragic moment reveals the depth of human sin and the blindness that rejects divine love. Yet, in Catholic interpretation, it also unveils the mystery of redemption: what appears to be a victory of evil becomes the fulfillment of God’s plan for salvation. The rejection of the Son outside the vineyard foreshadows the Cross outside Jerusalem’s walls, where Christ, the true heir, redeems the very world that cast Him out.

Historical and Jewish Context

“They Seized Him” – The Arrest of Jesus
This phrase mirrors the events of Holy Thursday night, when Jesus was seized in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:47–50). The Greek term krateō (“seize”) suggests forceful capture, reflecting hostility rather than justice. It symbolizes humanity’s attempt to control or suppress God’s truth when it threatens worldly power. For the religious leaders, arresting Jesus was a means of silencing the prophetic voice that exposed their hypocrisy and corruption.
“Threw Him Out of the Vineyard” – Rejection and Exile
To be cast “out of the vineyard” signifies complete exclusion and disgrace. Historically, Jesus was crucified outside the city walls of Jerusalem (Hebrews 13:12), a location reserved for criminals and the unclean. This detail carries deep symbolic weight: the Son of God was rejected by His own people and excluded from their midst. Spiritually, this reflects the pattern of sin—humanity pushing God to the margins of life, refusing His rightful place at the center. Yet, paradoxically, it is outside the city that salvation is accomplished. Just as sacrifices in the Old Covenant were burned outside the camp (Leviticus 16:27), Christ’s sacrifice outside the city sanctifies all who are excluded, restoring communion between God and humanity.
“And Killed Him” – The Crucifixion
The tenants’ murder of the son directly prefigures the crucifixion. It was not merely the act of a few but represented humanity’s collective sin. Peter later declared to the crowds: “You killed the author of life, but God raised Him from the dead” (Acts 3:15). This demonstrates that though humans intended destruction, God transformed the act into redemption. In rejecting the Son, humanity paradoxically brought forth its own salvation—proof that divine mercy transcends even the gravest sin.

Catholic Theological Perspective

From a Catholic perspective, Matthew 21:39 expresses the central mystery of faith—the Paschal Mystery: the Passion, Death, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. CCC 599 teaches:

“Jesus’ violent death was not the result of chance… but part of the mystery of God’s plan as foretold in the Scriptures.”

God’s response to violence was not vengeance but love. The Son’s death outside the vineyard was the moment when sin was conquered by self-giving mercy. What the tenants meant for rebellion, the Father used for reconciliation.

The phrase “threw him out of the vineyard” also has ecclesial meaning. The vineyard, representing Israel, rejects the Son, leading to the establishment of the Church—the new vineyard composed of believers from every nation. CCC 756 calls the Church “the cultivated field, the tillage of God,” replacing the unfaithful tenants with those who will bear fruit in obedience.

Theologically, this verse also echoes the Suffering Servant prophecy in Isaiah 53:3–5:

“He was despised and rejected by men… pierced for our transgressions.”
In the Passion, Christ fulfills this prophecy perfectly. Thrown out by men, He opens the gates of the heavenly vineyard, making us heirs with Him (Romans 8:17).

Parallels in Scripture

Isaiah 53:3–7 – The suffering and rejection of the Servant of God.
Hebrews 13:12 – “Jesus suffered outside the gate to sanctify the people with His own blood.”
John 19:17–18 – Jesus carried His Cross outside the city to Golgotha, where He was crucified.
Acts 7:58 – St. Stephen, the first martyr, is stoned outside the city, imitating his Lord.
Psalm 118:22 – “The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone.”

Each of these passages reinforces the paradox of salvation: rejection becomes redemption, death leads to life.

Key Terms

“Seized” – Symbol of human resistance to divine authority; humanity’s attempt to control or silence God.
“Threw Him Out” – Represents spiritual exile and rejection, fulfilled in Christ’s crucifixion outside Jerusalem.
“Killed Him” – The culmination of sin’s rebellion, yet the very act by which God redeems the world.

Catholic Liturgical Significance

This verse is at the heart of Holy Week, particularly Good Friday, when the Church contemplates Christ’s passion and death. In the Stations of the Cross, the reality of being seized, rejected, and killed is meditated upon not as defeat but as the ultimate triumph of love. During the Eucharistic Prayer, the priest proclaims: “This is My Body, which will be given up for you.” Each Mass is a re-presentation of this same sacrifice—the Son offered by the Father for the salvation of all.

In the Divine Office, Psalm 118:22 (“The stone rejected by the builders”) is prayed as a reminder that Christ’s rejection is the foundation of our redemption. This verse invites the faithful to identify with Christ’s suffering, especially when they experience rejection, persecution, or misunderstanding for the sake of righteousness.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:39 unveils both the tragedy of human sin and the glory of divine love. The tenants’ violence foreshadows the Passion of Christ—seized, cast out, and killed. Yet the Cross transforms this evil into the greatest good. Thrown out of the vineyard, Jesus sanctifies those outside it—sinners, the marginalized, and the broken. In His death, He reclaims the vineyard for His Father and opens it to all who believe. This verse is not merely a prophecy of rejection; it is a proclamation of resurrection. The heir who was killed becomes the Redeemer who lives forever, restoring the vineyard of humanity through His blood.

Reflection

How do I respond when Christ’s truth challenges my comfort or pride?
Do I sometimes push Christ “outside my vineyard” through sin or indifference?
Can I see in my suffering a share in His redemptive rejection—bearing fruit for others through love?

To reject the Son is to lose life; to embrace Him, even in suffering, is to enter the vineyard of eternal joy.

Prayer

Crucified Lord, You were seized, cast out, and slain for our salvation. Rejected by the world, You embraced the Cross with perfect love. Forgive me for the times I have pushed You away from the vineyard of my heart. Help me to welcome You with faith and to carry my cross in union with Yours. May Your wounds heal my soul and Your rejection become my redemption. Through Your death, bring forth life in me and in all who believe. Amen.

Matthew 21:40 “What will the owner of the vineyard do to those tenants when he comes?”

This verse marks a pivotal transition in The Parable of the Tenants, shifting the narrative from the tenants’ rebellion to the question of divine judgment. After describing the murder of the son, Jesus invites His listeners—the chief priests and elders—to judge the situation themselves. His question is not merely rhetorical but moral and prophetic. It compels the hearers to recognize the justice of God and the consequences of rejecting His Son. Through this question, Jesus invites reflection on accountability: the patient landowner will not remain silent forever. In Catholic interpretation, this verse highlights both the certainty of divine justice and the responsibility that comes with the privilege of stewardship in God’s vineyard.

Historical and Jewish Context

The Rabbinic Teaching Style of Questioning
In Jewish rabbinic tradition, teachers often led their audience to truth through questioning rather than direct assertion. By asking, “What will the owner do?”, Jesus engages the religious leaders in self-judgment, much like the prophet Nathan did with King David after his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1–7). As in David’s case, those listening condemn themselves through their own words. The technique forces them to acknowledge the justice of God’s impending judgment before realizing that the parable applies to them personally.
“When He Comes” – The Moment of Judgment
This phrase introduces eschatological imagery—the coming of the landowner represents the Day of the Lord, the time when God intervenes to reward faithfulness and punish unfaithfulness. For the leaders of Israel, it foreshadows the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 A.D., which the early Christians saw as divine judgment upon those who rejected the Messiah. On a broader scale, it points to the Second Coming of Christ, when every person will render an account for their stewardship.
Divine Patience and Justice
Throughout the parable, the landowner’s patience has been remarkable—sending servant after servant, and finally his son. But divine patience, though vast, is not endless in time. The question “What will he do?” signals that mercy rejected must eventually give way to justice. As Psalm 103:8 reminds us: “The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love”—but justice follows persistent rejection of grace.

Catholic Theological Perspective

From a Catholic theological standpoint, this verse embodies both divine justice and moral responsibility. God’s mercy invites repentance; His justice ensures accountability. The Catechism teaches:
CCC 2001 – “The preparation of man for the reception of grace is already a work of grace. But this grace has to be freely accepted, for God’s grace will not force the human will.”
When humanity consistently rejects this grace, judgment follows not from God’s cruelty but from human refusal of His mercy.

The landowner’s “coming” also represents the coming of Christ—the divine Judge who will separate fruitful branches from barren ones (cf. John 15:6). CCC 678 explains:

“Following in the steps of the prophets and John the Baptist, Jesus announced the judgment of the Last Day in His preaching.”

This verse is therefore a sober reminder of the last things—death, judgment, heaven, and hell. It calls every believer to examine whether they have been faithful tenants in God’s vineyard, bearing fruits of charity, humility, and service.

Furthermore, this question also has ecclesial significance. God continually “visits” His Church through the Holy Spirit, Scripture, and the sacraments. Each divine visitation is both a moment of grace and of reckoning: Are we living up to our vocation as stewards of the Gospel? The vineyard will one day be reclaimed by its true owner; we are called to be ready when He comes.

Parallels in Scripture

2 Samuel 12:5–7 – David condemns the rich man’s injustice before Nathan reveals, “You are that man!”
Isaiah 5:5–7 – The owner of the vineyard declares judgment: “I will remove its hedge, and it shall be devoured.”
Luke 12:42–46 – The parable of the faithful and unfaithful stewards: the master returns unexpectedly to settle accounts.
Matthew 25:19 – “After a long time, the master of those servants came and settled accounts with them.”
Romans 2:6 – “He will repay each one according to his deeds.”

Each of these passages emphasizes personal and communal responsibility before God’s justice.

Key Terms

“Owner of the Vineyard” – God the Father, Creator and Judge of all, who has entrusted His people with divine gifts and expects a return of fruit.
“Do to Those Tenants” – Represents divine retribution; God’s justice is the natural consequence of unfaithfulness.
“When He Comes” – Symbolizes the moment of divine visitation—both historical (the destruction of Jerusalem) and eschatological (the Last Judgment).

Catholic Liturgical Significance

This verse resounds in the Church’s liturgical seasons of Advent and Lent, both of which emphasize watchfulness and repentance. In Advent, the Church prays, “Come, Lord Jesus,” longing for His arrival while also preparing for His judgment. In Lent, believers are invited to repentance and renewal, acknowledging that the Lord will “come” to inspect His vineyard once again.

In the Eucharistic Liturgy, each Mass is also a moment of divine visitation. The priest prays, “Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord,” recalling that the Lord enters the vineyard of our lives through His real presence in the Eucharist. The faithful are thus invited to receive Him worthily, bearing spiritual fruit in their lives.

Conclusion

Matthew 21:40 poses a question that echoes through every generation: What will the Lord do when He comes to inspect His vineyard? It is not merely about judgment upon ancient Israel but about each believer’s accountability before God. The patience of the landowner reveals divine mercy; his return reveals divine justice. God will ultimately act to restore order and holiness to His vineyard, replacing unfaithful stewards with those who bear fruit. For the faithful, this question inspires vigilance and hope—for when the Lord comes, those who have labored with love will rejoice at His arrival.

Reflection

How do I respond to the Lord’s “coming” in my life—through Scripture, trials, or blessings?
Do I live as a faithful steward, aware that I will one day give an account of my life before God?
How can I transform the vineyard of my life into one that bears fruits of faith, justice, and love?

The Lord’s question is not meant to instill fear but to awaken faithfulness. His coming is not destruction for the faithful but the fulfillment of His promise.

Prayer

Eternal Father, You are the Lord of the vineyard, just and merciful in all Your ways. Help me to live each day mindful of Your coming. Teach me to bear the fruits of faith and love so that when You return, You may find me faithful. Purify my heart of selfishness and pride, that I may welcome You not in fear but in joy. Grant me the grace to work in Your vineyard with humility,
awaiting the day when I may share in Your eternal harvest. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

(41) They said to him, “He will bring these wretched men to a wretched end, and lease the vineyard to others who will give him his share at the proper time”

The story’s conclusion comes not from Jesus, but his listeners. The unfaithful tenants who were “wretched” would face a “wretched” death. That happened after 40 years in 70 AD when the Roman army destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem and the Jews there. However, God restored his vineyard, the church and entrusted it to new tenants, the disciples of Jesus. They would give the produce at the proper time. Thus, Jesus implied the transition from the old to the new Israel that happened on the day of Pentecost. The Church is the new vineyard of God. We, the disciples must cultivate, bear good fruits, and hand them over to God.

(42) And Jesus replied, “Have you never read what the Scriptures say? The stone which the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. This was the Lord’s doing; and we marvel at it”

Jesus then shifted the metaphor of the vineyard to a building, the tenants to the builders, and the murdered son to a once rejected and later upgraded cornerstone. The focus of the allegory shifted from the unfaithful and murderous tenants to the Son of God, Jesus.

Jesus quoted from Psalms 118:22-23 that the early church used later as a prophecy of Jesus’ resurrection. The basis of this psalm is a stone that the builders of the Temple kept away from the site without knowing the chief architect’s plan. Later he used that as the chief cornerstone when he bonded the two walls of the Temple together. The Psalmist used this as a parable of David’s selection as the king, and Israel as the chosen nation out of all the nations in the world. Though the chief priests and the Sanhedrin who were the builders of the Temple rejected Jesus, he became the cornerstone of the new Temple, the church. God, the chief architect made Jesus as the cornerstone uniting two walls: the Jews and the Gentiles (Eph 2:19-22).

(43) Therefore I say to you: the kingdom of heaven will be taken from you and given to a people who will bear its fruits

Jesus gave the parable’s application here. He used the kingdom of heaven in the vineyard’s place. He told of those who rejected him and led him to the crucifixion that God would take away the responsibility of the Kingdom from them because of their unfaithfulness to God and rejection of the Messiah. After his resurrection, Jesus entrusted his church to the 12 apostles and confirmed it with the Holy Spirit’s descent upon them on the day of Pentecost.

(44) (Whoever falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and he on whom it falls will be crushed)

This is the same as in Luke 20:18 and has reference to Isaiah 8:14-15. Here the “stone” stands for Jesus and the “fall” stands for the destruction of those who feel the offence of him. In the olden days, farmers used stone for winnowing by threshing the grain to separate it from the chaff. At the end times, Jesus the stone will separate the righteous and destroy the evil.

It has reference to the imagery of Daniel 2:35 where Daniel interpreted the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of a strange statue. Daniel said: “The iron, clay, bronze, silver, and gold all crumbled at once, fine as the chaff on the threshing floor in summer, and the wind blew them away without leaving a trace. But the stone that struck the statue became a great mountain and filled the whole earth.” The stone in the dream is Jesus, who would finally destroy all the pagan kingdoms and rule the whole earth.

Stoning to death was the Jewish method of capital punishment. That involved throwing the culprit into a pit of stones face down and then stoning until the person died. Thus, the stone becomes an agent of destruction for the evildoers. At last, Jesus will destroy those who reject him and reward the faithful tenants. Let us always remain faithful to God and present fruits of our lifetime’s labour at the last judgement.

MESSAGE

1. God takes care of us, as a landowner does for his favourite vineyard, by providing everything we need and protecting us from all harm. As children of God and as his tenants, we are accountable to God in submitting fruits of our Christian living.

2. We need to respect the representatives of God that include our parents, teachers, mentors, and our ecclesial leaders. They must lead us according to God’s plan for us. They are also answerable to God for their responsibility. When we respect them, we respect God. If we disregard them, we are doing the same to God.

3. A true representative of God must do what God wants in pastoral care rather than providing what the people demand. Aaron’s failure was that he pleased the people and angered God by yielding to the people’s demand for a golden calf to worship. Pastoral leadership is challenging. We need to pray for the pastoral leaders and missionaries.

4. Rejection and persecution in this world for the sake of the Kingdom of God is a gain in the Kingdom of Heaven.

5. God being tolerant, sent his son Jesus to allow us to repent and reconcile with Him. Jesus will gather us at the last judgement that would determine our reward or punishment depending upon how we respond to Jesus’ teachings. If Jesus selects us to be at his right side, he will present us as the fruits of his vineyard to God the Father.